E-Currencies as well as Money Part three - Money, Investment, Payment System, Or All of the Above?

Wikipedia defines money past its usage equally "a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement of account, too a store of value."

Currency is but 1 course of instruction of money, too fits inwards the offset category of this definition. Currency is also the smallest element of what economists define equally the "money supply." The money provide includes dissimilar components such equally credit, deposit accounts, too the like.

Since virtually all e-currencies are used equally units of value inwards telephone substitution for goods too services, virtually all of them qualify equally money too equally currency. I farther am of the persuasion that Visa(tm) too MasterCard(tm) dollar units are also currencies, though the companies don't similar you lot to retrieve of it this style (this catch may live controversial to some). In fact, credit carte du jour accounts are the most widely used e-currencies inwards circulation today. I volition expire farther too province that the distinction betwixt currency too e-currency is, inwards fact, virtually null inwards today's electronic world.

The to a greater extent than interesting distinction is betwixt government-issued (call them "public") currencies too those that are issued past private companies (call them "private").

With the introduction too widespread adoption of PayPal, private (e-)currencies all of a precipitous became a hot topic. PayPal was 1 of the offset private currencies tied neither to a authorities nor to a credit carte du jour issuer. But, private currencies are for sure nil new. The master copy currencies inwards beingness inwards the USA were inwards fact privately issued "Bank Notes" issued past banks inwards the US. They served a really of import role inwards the early on days of this country, since they had value independent of whether the US continued to be equally an independent country. (Go see a money store too you lot tin meet some of these interesting documents.)

The master copy US banking company notes were mostly backed past a precious metallic - inwards fact, they were frequently gilt or argent certificates that could live exchanged for the precious metallic at the banking company if you lot wished. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 banking company business relationship was a stash of gilt for which you lot were given certificates. The US authorities afterward issued their ain currency, too these were also gilt or argent certificates. Those days didn't finish until 1972, when the US "went off the gilt standard" which pegged the value of a US dollar to a sure amount of gold. Up until that time, the US authorities was required to dorsum upwards the value of its money alongside gilt held inwards depository facilities around the country. Fort Knox is the most well-known of these facilities, but past no way is it the largest.

It is inwards this context that nosotros must await at the private e-currencies inwards circulation today.

All currencies are backed past something which establishes its value. The easiest to sympathise are gold-backed currencies. The units of value of such a currency is tied to some amount of gilt held inwards reserve someplace "safe." You tin inwards fact silent purchase gilt certificates, exactly non from really many governments. Usually they are issued past gold-mining related companies who volition number a certificate to stand upwards for ownership of gilt held inwards their vaults ("paper gold"). Make it a bearer certificate, too it's pretty much gold-backed newspaper money.

The side past side easiest to sympathise is a currency-backed currency (such equally PayPal is). For example, some smaller countries number their ain currencies at a fixed charge per unit of measurement inwards relation to the US Dollars it holds inwards its ain reserve. These are dollar-backed world currencies. There is no shortage of dollar-backed private currencies - 1 of the offset was the traveler's check. Merchants convey these pieces of newspaper because at that spot is a well-financed, trust-worthy fellowship who volition convey that newspaper inwards telephone substitution for US Dollars. Visa, MasterCard, too others also dorsum their currency alongside US Dollars (and other currencies). Their units take away maintain value because merchants believe that they volition (usually) have a world currency inwards telephone substitution for the units stored electronically inwards their accounts. Yet inwards reality, merchants value credit carte du jour units significantly less than the currencies that are held inwards their accounts. The reasons behind this are chargebacks too fees (as good equally hassle factor). However, merchants are non permitted to accuse consumers to a greater extent than due to their agreements alongside these credit carte du jour companies. As a result, fifty-fifty cash customers pay to a greater extent than for goods too services from these merchants (and why you lot should ever demand a 2-3% discount when paying cash).

One mystery is why world currencies that are non backed past anything of value take away maintain value. These currencies are frequently called "fiat" currencies because people convey them at human face upwards value based on confidence inwards the issuing government. But this is alone office of the story. In reality, these currencies take away maintain value based on several factors. First, they are the alone style to settle debts to the authorities (in most countries). Therefore if you lot owe taxes, you lot had improve take away maintain some of these around. The minute frequently overlooked element of value is the earning powerfulness of its population of people too corporations (more or less the electric stream too futurity gross domestic product, or GDP, of that country). In fact, I would claim this is the most of import factor when considered inwards combination alongside the monetary too other policies of the authorities inwards question.

To sympathise why, await at the global bond too nib market. The us authorities borrows billions too billions of dollars from investors too unusual governments every year. It must practice this inwards club to finance its budgetary deficits, which of course of instruction include debt involvement too principal payments. The US authorities enjoys a really depression involvement charge per unit of measurement on its debt. The argue for this is a high flat of confidence inwards the globe that the US volition repay that debt really reliably too predictably. Why does the globe take away maintain such confidence inwards the US government? Because of its powerfulness to collect taxes from its citizenry!

If the US authorities all of a precipitous repealed all of its taxes, the value of the dollar would plummet equally investors lost confidence inwards dollar debts owed past the US government. If the US authorities all of a precipitous raised taxes past say, 10,000%, the dollar would plummet equally well, equally the globe of investors would realize that at that spot was no longer whatever motivation for people to endure to brand money, too hence the powerfulness of the authorities to heighten money through taxation would expire downwardly the toilet. If unemployment were to skyrocket, or corporate profits collapse, or both, the US dollar would similarly lose value.

On the other hand, if the US authorities drastically cutting dorsum on waste material too unproductive spending, the value of the dollar would rise, because investors worldwide would meet that the US authorities was fifty-fifty to a greater extent than able to pay its debts. (Rising dollar value way lower involvement rates paid on bonds issued past the government, which leads to a lesser ask to heighten taxes, which leads to a rising dollar.) In curt it is your earning potential too that of your children that sets the value of the dollar. The value of the US dollar is for all intents too purposes, tax-based.

You won't take away heed this analysis directly, alone indirectly inwards the media. It's a scary reality that the US authorities has consummate command over the value of your savings, too the correct to effectively bag from you lot (take value away without your permission). It's also a pretty negative style of describing things, truthful equally it is. Instead you lot volition take away heed most factors that underlie or correlate alongside the powerfulness of the authorities to heighten taxes to pay its debts. As an example, "consumer confidence" is a predictor of how much junk nosotros volition purchase this year, incurring sales taxes too leading to corporate profits, leading to to a greater extent than taxation revenue. It may seem unusual that this is to a greater extent than of import than a ascension inwards reward for the mutual worker. Why? Several reasons. Higher salaries may cut back corporate profits, too lower the government's taxation base. And, higher reward may non outcome inwards higher spending, it depends on how secure consumers feel, or whether they experience the ask to relieve for retirement or a rainy day. It's all most the taxes inwards reality.

Contrast this complex province of affairs alongside the simplicity of an asset-backed currency, too you lot mightiness wonder why anyone bothers alongside tax-based (a.k.a. fiat) currencies for commerce. The uncomplicated respond is that world fiat currencies allow the authorities a monstrous flat of command over its economic scheme too ultimately its citizenry. If the authorities were to all of a precipitous denote that everyone's salary was to live cutting past 50%, or that everyone had to surrender one-half their savings to pay downwardly the national debt, at that spot would live a revolt (one would hope). Its far easier to only "print to a greater extent than money" past raising taxes (but non also much), borrow to a greater extent than from Earth markets against the earning powerfulness of futurity generations, etc. These are all things that ultimately cut back the value per unit of measurement of the money nosotros all receive, but so far, no riots. But I digress....

Before putting you lot to slumber whatever further, let's spring to the concept of private, asset-backed currencies. It should live clear at this signal that a private currency backed past the US dollar is non much dissimilar than a US dollar. It mightiness live to a greater extent than or less valuable than a US dollar inwards its purchasing powerfulness however. Consumers (should) dearest to usage credit cards too value their credit lines to a greater extent than than money, because of the protection they acquire from fraud, too the flexibility to pick out to live stupid too delay payment at exorbitant rates. Merchants should value a credit carte du jour less because of the hazard of non getting paid past a fraudulent consumer, but to a greater extent than because of the increment inwards sales past accepting a consumer-preferred way of purchase. Because many traveler banking company check companies volition silent accolade counterfeit or fraudulently passed checks (in sure circumstances), it was mutual for many years to discover that you lot could purchase to a greater extent than unusual currency using these than past using cash! E-currencies based on the US dollar take away maintain similar considerations inwards determining their value - what are the costs, benefits, too risks involved inwards using these versus the alternatives? For the consumer too for the merchant?

For legitimate merchants, the main differentiating business organization is this: "When I acquire paid, what are the chances of a chargeback? What are the assurances that this currency is non counterfeit?"

For typically unsophisticated consumers, main differentiating concerns are these: "How broadly is this currency accepted inwards instance I ask to usage it for a dissimilar purpose? What are the extra features of this currency? Do I take away maintain some flat of protection from merchant fraud? Does it take away maintain advantage points?"

Concerns mutual to both include: "What fees practice I take away maintain to pay to consummate a transfer? How much does it toll to telephone substitution this currency for some other that I need? What is the telephone substitution charge per unit of measurement for this currency going to live over fourth dimension inwards the future?" And, since the currency is privately issued, "What is the hazard that my currency volition all of a precipitous lose some or all of its value because of fraud on the office of the issuer?"

However, at that spot is 1 much to a greater extent than pregnant too overriding business organization that has emerged, cheers to whom else, the US government. It is: "what is the likelihood that this currency volition all of a precipitous expire worthless because the US Government goes after the issuer?" This is non a novel concern, of course. Even a gold-backed world currency could speedily expire worthless if that province all of a precipitous came nether attack, or the authorities of that province was exposed equally corrupt. This is the nightmare scenario for whatever currency, particularly if the aggressor is the US government.

So nosotros know that e-currencies, fifty-fifty those backed past dollars are a currency alongside dissimilar characteristics than the dollar. Is the human action of exchanging world currency for e-currency an investment? The respond is....not inherently, no. It depends on the intention of the 1 purchasing the e-currency. In many cases, purchase of an e-currency is performed for the sole role of enabling an telephone substitution alongside a counter-party. In this case, the e-currency, regardless of its backing value, is an investment (ignoring whatever rewards outcome from the exchange). An e-currency past itself is mostly NOT an investment if it is backed past the same currency that the holder would handle anyway. Moving your US dollars from a banking company to an e-currency for no item argue does non constitute an investment. However, if a holder of an e-currency doesn't unremarkably handle the dollar for other purposes, it tin live a wise investment whose render is tied to the modify inwards telephone substitution rates. The same is truthful for currencies backed past gilt (unless you lot already held the gold). E-currencies practice non yield involvement or dividends inwards too of themselves for many practiced reasons. It is possible however, to invest using e-currencies. I volition comprehend that subject inwards a afterward installment.

I volition depict this installment inwards the serial to a shut alongside the next summary. E-currencies are money, too equally a medium of telephone substitution of value, are ever tied to a payment organization of some kind. As privately issued currencies, they take away maintain dissimilar risks than world currencies, equally good equally dissimilar value-adds. Exchanging world currency for private currency is non inherently an investment, though the role of making the telephone substitution may enable an investment. While many features of a private currency may add together to or cut back the value of a currency, no other factor has to a greater extent than acquit on on the value of a private currency than the jeopardy of it becoming all of a precipitous valueless. The 2 main potential causes for an e-currency losing its value are fraud past its issuer, or the issuer coming nether attack, threatening the powerfulness of holders of the currency to behavior commerce, perform exchanges, or access their funds. For this author, it is a lamentable argument that the 2 most probable attackers of a currency are the US authorities too cyber-terrorists who take away maintain an involvement inwards reducing the value of an e-currency (e.g. contender currencies, disgruntled individuals).

In the side past side article, I volition comprehend why the electric stream hostile US authorities posture alongside honour to e-currencies is both a) a really existent concern, too b) mayhap the minute biggest strategic blunder ever made past the US government. (Ok, good at to the lowest degree its inwards the elevation 10. ) I volition so expire on to conclude that this won't modify the futurity importance of e-currencies.

Stay Tuned!

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